Edit File: models.py
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """ requests.models ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This module contains the primary objects that power Requests. """ import collections import datetime from io import BytesIO, UnsupportedOperation from .hooks import default_hooks from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict from .auth import HTTPBasicAuth from .cookies import cookiejar_from_dict, get_cookie_header from urllib3.fields import RequestField from urllib3.filepost import encode_multipart_formdata from urllib3.util import parse_url from urllib3.exceptions import ( DecodeError, ReadTimeoutError, ProtocolError, LocationParseError) from .exceptions import ( HTTPError, MissingSchema, InvalidURL, ChunkedEncodingError, ContentDecodingError, ConnectionError, StreamConsumedError) from .utils import ( guess_filename, get_auth_from_url, requote_uri, stream_decode_response_unicode, to_key_val_list, parse_header_links, iter_slices, guess_json_utf, super_len, to_native_string) from .compat import ( cookielib, urlunparse, urlsplit, urlencode, str, bytes, StringIO, is_py2, chardet, json, builtin_str, basestring) from .status_codes import codes #: The set of HTTP status codes that indicate an automatically #: processable redirect. REDIRECT_STATI = ( codes.moved, # 301 codes.found, # 302 codes.other, # 303 codes.temporary_redirect, # 307 codes.permanent_redirect, # 308 ) DEFAULT_REDIRECT_LIMIT = 30 CONTENT_CHUNK_SIZE = 10 * 1024 ITER_CHUNK_SIZE = 512 json_dumps = json.dumps class RequestEncodingMixin(object): @property def path_url(self): """Build the path URL to use.""" url = [] p = urlsplit(self.url) path = p.path if not path: path = '/' url.append(path) query = p.query if query: url.append('?') url.append(query) return ''.join(url) @staticmethod def _encode_params(data): """Encode parameters in a piece of data. Will successfully encode parameters when passed as a dict or a list of 2-tuples. Order is retained if data is a list of 2-tuples but arbitrary if parameters are supplied as a dict. """ if isinstance(data, (str, bytes)): return data elif hasattr(data, 'read'): return data elif hasattr(data, '__iter__'): result = [] for k, vs in to_key_val_list(data): if isinstance(vs, basestring) or not hasattr(vs, '__iter__'): vs = [vs] for v in vs: if v is not None: result.append( (k.encode('utf-8') if isinstance(k, str) else k, v.encode('utf-8') if isinstance(v, str) else v)) return urlencode(result, doseq=True) else: return data @staticmethod def _encode_files(files, data): """Build the body for a multipart/form-data request. Will successfully encode files when passed as a dict or a list of 2-tuples. Order is retained if data is a list of 2-tuples but arbitrary if parameters are supplied as a dict. """ if (not files): raise ValueError("Files must be provided.") elif isinstance(data, basestring): raise ValueError("Data must not be a string.") new_fields = [] fields = to_key_val_list(data or {}) files = to_key_val_list(files or {}) for field, val in fields: if isinstance(val, basestring) or not hasattr(val, '__iter__'): val = [val] for v in val: if v is not None: # Don't call str() on bytestrings: in Py3 it all goes wrong. if not isinstance(v, bytes): v = str(v) new_fields.append( (field.decode('utf-8') if isinstance(field, bytes) else field, v.encode('utf-8') if isinstance(v, str) else v)) for (k, v) in files: # support for explicit filename ft = None fh = None if isinstance(v, (tuple, list)): if len(v) == 2: fn, fp = v elif len(v) == 3: fn, fp, ft = v else: fn, fp, ft, fh = v else: fn = guess_filename(v) or k fp = v if isinstance(fp, (str, bytes, bytearray)): fdata = fp else: fdata = fp.read() rf = RequestField(name=k, data=fdata, filename=fn, headers=fh) rf.make_multipart(content_type=ft) new_fields.append(rf) body, content_type = encode_multipart_formdata(new_fields) return body, content_type class RequestHooksMixin(object): def register_hook(self, event, hook): """Properly register a hook.""" if event not in self.hooks: raise ValueError('Unsupported event specified, with event name "%s"' % (event)) if isinstance(hook, collections.Callable): self.hooks[event].append(hook) elif hasattr(hook, '__iter__'): self.hooks[event].extend(h for h in hook if isinstance(h, collections.Callable)) def deregister_hook(self, event, hook): """Deregister a previously registered hook. Returns True if the hook existed, False if not. """ try: self.hooks[event].remove(hook) return True except ValueError: return False class Request(RequestHooksMixin): """A user-created :class:`Request <Request>` object. Used to prepare a :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>`, which is sent to the server. :param method: HTTP method to use. :param url: URL to send. :param headers: dictionary of headers to send. :param files: dictionary of {filename: fileobject} files to multipart upload. :param data: the body to attach to the request. If a dictionary is provided, form-encoding will take place. :param json: json for the body to attach to the request (if data is not specified). :param params: dictionary of URL parameters to append to the URL. :param auth: Auth handler or (user, pass) tuple. :param cookies: dictionary or CookieJar of cookies to attach to this request. :param hooks: dictionary of callback hooks, for internal usage. Usage:: >>> import requests >>> req = requests.Request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get') >>> req.prepare() <PreparedRequest [GET]> """ def __init__(self, method=None, url=None, headers=None, files=None, data=None, params=None, auth=None, cookies=None, hooks=None, json=None): # Default empty dicts for dict params. data = [] if data is None else data files = [] if files is None else files headers = {} if headers is None else headers params = {} if params is None else params hooks = {} if hooks is None else hooks self.hooks = default_hooks() for (k, v) in list(hooks.items()): self.register_hook(event=k, hook=v) self.method = method self.url = url self.headers = headers self.files = files self.data = data self.json = json self.params = params self.auth = auth self.cookies = cookies def __repr__(self): return '<Request [%s]>' % (self.method) def prepare(self): """Constructs a :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` for transmission and returns it.""" p = PreparedRequest() p.prepare( method=self.method, url=self.url, headers=self.headers, files=self.files, data=self.data, json=self.json, params=self.params, auth=self.auth, cookies=self.cookies, hooks=self.hooks, ) return p class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin): """The fully mutable :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` object, containing the exact bytes that will be sent to the server. Generated from either a :class:`Request <Request>` object or manually. Usage:: >>> import requests >>> req = requests.Request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get') >>> r = req.prepare() <PreparedRequest [GET]> >>> s = requests.Session() >>> s.send(r) <Response [200]> """ def __init__(self): #: HTTP verb to send to the server. self.method = None #: HTTP URL to send the request to. self.url = None #: dictionary of HTTP headers. self.headers = None # The `CookieJar` used to create the Cookie header will be stored here # after prepare_cookies is called self._cookies = None #: request body to send to the server. self.body = None #: dictionary of callback hooks, for internal usage. self.hooks = default_hooks() def prepare(self, method=None, url=None, headers=None, files=None, data=None, params=None, auth=None, cookies=None, hooks=None, json=None): """Prepares the entire request with the given parameters.""" self.prepare_method(method) self.prepare_url(url, params) self.prepare_headers(headers) self.prepare_cookies(cookies) self.prepare_body(data, files, json) self.prepare_auth(auth, url) # Note that prepare_auth must be last to enable authentication schemes # such as OAuth to work on a fully prepared request. # This MUST go after prepare_auth. Authenticators could add a hook self.prepare_hooks(hooks) def __repr__(self): return '<PreparedRequest [%s]>' % (self.method) def copy(self): p = PreparedRequest() p.method = self.method p.url = self.url p.headers = self.headers.copy() if self.headers is not None else None p._cookies = self._cookies.copy() if self._cookies is not None else None p.body = self.body p.hooks = self.hooks return p def prepare_method(self, method): """Prepares the given HTTP method.""" self.method = method if self.method is not None: self.method = self.method.upper() def prepare_url(self, url, params): """Prepares the given HTTP URL.""" #: Accept objects that have string representations. #: We're unable to blindy call unicode/str functions #: as this will include the bytestring indicator (b'') #: on python 3.x. #: https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2238 if isinstance(url, bytes): url = url.decode('utf8') else: url = unicode(url) if is_py2 else str(url) # Don't do any URL preparation for non-HTTP schemes like `mailto`, # `data` etc to work around exceptions from `url_parse`, which # handles RFC 3986 only. if ':' in url and not url.lower().startswith('http'): self.url = url return # Support for unicode domain names and paths. try: scheme, auth, host, port, path, query, fragment = parse_url(url) except LocationParseError as e: raise InvalidURL(*e.args) if not scheme: raise MissingSchema("Invalid URL {0!r}: No schema supplied. " "Perhaps you meant http://{0}?".format(url)) if not host: raise InvalidURL("Invalid URL %r: No host supplied" % url) # Only want to apply IDNA to the hostname try: host = host.encode('idna').decode('utf-8') except UnicodeError: raise InvalidURL('URL has an invalid label.') # Carefully reconstruct the network location netloc = auth or '' if netloc: netloc += '@' netloc += host if port: netloc += ':' + str(port) # Bare domains aren't valid URLs. if not path: path = '/' if is_py2: if isinstance(scheme, str): scheme = scheme.encode('utf-8') if isinstance(netloc, str): netloc = netloc.encode('utf-8') if isinstance(path, str): path = path.encode('utf-8') if isinstance(query, str): query = query.encode('utf-8') if isinstance(fragment, str): fragment = fragment.encode('utf-8') enc_params = self._encode_params(params) if enc_params: if query: query = '%s&%s' % (query, enc_params) else: query = enc_params url = requote_uri(urlunparse([scheme, netloc, path, None, query, fragment])) self.url = url def prepare_headers(self, headers): """Prepares the given HTTP headers.""" if headers: self.headers = CaseInsensitiveDict((to_native_string(name), value) for name, value in headers.items()) else: self.headers = CaseInsensitiveDict() def prepare_body(self, data, files, json=None): """Prepares the given HTTP body data.""" # Check if file, fo, generator, iterator. # If not, run through normal process. # Nottin' on you. body = None content_type = None length = None if json is not None: content_type = 'application/json' body = json_dumps(json) is_stream = all([ hasattr(data, '__iter__'), not isinstance(data, (basestring, list, tuple, dict)) ]) try: length = super_len(data) except (TypeError, AttributeError, UnsupportedOperation): length = None if is_stream: body = data if files: raise NotImplementedError('Streamed bodies and files are mutually exclusive.') if length is not None: self.headers['Content-Length'] = builtin_str(length) else: self.headers['Transfer-Encoding'] = 'chunked' else: # Multi-part file uploads. if files: (body, content_type) = self._encode_files(files, data) else: if data and json is None: body = self._encode_params(data) if isinstance(data, basestring) or hasattr(data, 'read'): content_type = None else: content_type = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' self.prepare_content_length(body) # Add content-type if it wasn't explicitly provided. if content_type and ('content-type' not in self.headers): self.headers['Content-Type'] = content_type self.body = body def prepare_content_length(self, body): if hasattr(body, 'seek') and hasattr(body, 'tell'): body.seek(0, 2) self.headers['Content-Length'] = builtin_str(body.tell()) body.seek(0, 0) elif body is not None: l = super_len(body) if l: self.headers['Content-Length'] = builtin_str(l) elif (self.method not in ('GET', 'HEAD')) and (self.headers.get('Content-Length') is None): self.headers['Content-Length'] = '0' def prepare_auth(self, auth, url=''): """Prepares the given HTTP auth data.""" # If no Auth is explicitly provided, extract it from the URL first. if auth is None: url_auth = get_auth_from_url(self.url) auth = url_auth if any(url_auth) else None if auth: if isinstance(auth, tuple) and len(auth) == 2: # special-case basic HTTP auth auth = HTTPBasicAuth(*auth) # Allow auth to make its changes. r = auth(self) # Update self to reflect the auth changes. self.__dict__.update(r.__dict__) # Recompute Content-Length self.prepare_content_length(self.body) def prepare_cookies(self, cookies): """Prepares the given HTTP cookie data.""" if isinstance(cookies, cookielib.CookieJar): self._cookies = cookies else: self._cookies = cookiejar_from_dict(cookies) cookie_header = get_cookie_header(self._cookies, self) if cookie_header is not None: self.headers['Cookie'] = cookie_header def prepare_hooks(self, hooks): """Prepares the given hooks.""" for event in hooks: self.register_hook(event, hooks[event]) class Response(object): """The :class:`Response <Response>` object, which contains a server's response to an HTTP request. """ __attrs__ = [ '_content', 'status_code', 'headers', 'url', 'history', 'encoding', 'reason', 'cookies', 'elapsed', 'request', ] def __init__(self): super(Response, self).__init__() self._content = False self._content_consumed = False #: Integer Code of responded HTTP Status, e.g. 404 or 200. self.status_code = None #: Case-insensitive Dictionary of Response Headers. #: For example, ``headers['content-encoding']`` will return the #: value of a ``'Content-Encoding'`` response header. self.headers = CaseInsensitiveDict() #: File-like object representation of response (for advanced usage). #: Use of ``raw`` requires that ``stream=True`` be set on the request. # This requirement does not apply for use internally to Requests. self.raw = None #: Final URL location of Response. self.url = None #: Encoding to decode with when accessing r.text. self.encoding = None #: A list of :class:`Response <Response>` objects from #: the history of the Request. Any redirect responses will end #: up here. The list is sorted from the oldest to the most recent request. self.history = [] #: Textual reason of responded HTTP Status, e.g. "Not Found" or "OK". self.reason = None #: A CookieJar of Cookies the server sent back. self.cookies = cookiejar_from_dict({}) #: The amount of time elapsed between sending the request #: and the arrival of the response (as a timedelta) self.elapsed = datetime.timedelta(0) #: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` object to which this #: is a response. self.request = None def __getstate__(self): # Consume everything; accessing the content attribute makes # sure the content has been fully read. if not self._content_consumed: self.content return dict( (attr, getattr(self, attr, None)) for attr in self.__attrs__ ) def __setstate__(self, state): for name, value in state.items(): setattr(self, name, value) # pickled objects do not have .raw setattr(self, '_content_consumed', True) setattr(self, 'raw', None) def __repr__(self): return '<Response [%s]>' % (self.status_code) def __bool__(self): """Returns true if :attr:`status_code` is 'OK'.""" return self.ok def __nonzero__(self): """Returns true if :attr:`status_code` is 'OK'.""" return self.ok def __iter__(self): """Allows you to use a response as an iterator.""" return self.iter_content(128) @property def ok(self): try: self.raise_for_status() except HTTPError: return False return True @property def is_redirect(self): """True if this Response is a well-formed HTTP redirect that could have been processed automatically (by :meth:`Session.resolve_redirects`). """ return ('location' in self.headers and self.status_code in REDIRECT_STATI) @property def is_permanent_redirect(self): """True if this Response one of the permanant versions of redirect""" return ('location' in self.headers and self.status_code in (codes.moved_permanently, codes.permanent_redirect)) @property def apparent_encoding(self): """The apparent encoding, provided by the chardet library""" return chardet.detect(self.content)['encoding'] def iter_content(self, chunk_size=1, decode_unicode=False): """Iterates over the response data. When stream=True is set on the request, this avoids reading the content at once into memory for large responses. The chunk size is the number of bytes it should read into memory. This is not necessarily the length of each item returned as decoding can take place. If decode_unicode is True, content will be decoded using the best available encoding based on the response. """ def generate(): try: # Special case for urllib3. try: for chunk in self.raw.stream(chunk_size, decode_content=True): yield chunk except ProtocolError as e: raise ChunkedEncodingError(e) except DecodeError as e: raise ContentDecodingError(e) except ReadTimeoutError as e: raise ConnectionError(e) except AttributeError: # Standard file-like object. while True: chunk = self.raw.read(chunk_size) if not chunk: break yield chunk self._content_consumed = True if self._content_consumed and isinstance(self._content, bool): raise StreamConsumedError() # simulate reading small chunks of the content reused_chunks = iter_slices(self._content, chunk_size) stream_chunks = generate() chunks = reused_chunks if self._content_consumed else stream_chunks if decode_unicode: chunks = stream_decode_response_unicode(chunks, self) return chunks def iter_lines(self, chunk_size=ITER_CHUNK_SIZE, decode_unicode=None, delimiter=None): """Iterates over the response data, one line at a time. When stream=True is set on the request, this avoids reading the content at once into memory for large responses. .. note:: This method is not reentrant safe. """ pending = None for chunk in self.iter_content(chunk_size=chunk_size, decode_unicode=decode_unicode): if pending is not None: chunk = pending + chunk if delimiter: lines = chunk.split(delimiter) else: lines = chunk.splitlines() if lines and lines[-1] and chunk and lines[-1][-1] == chunk[-1]: pending = lines.pop() else: pending = None for line in lines: yield line if pending is not None: yield pending @property def content(self): """Content of the response, in bytes.""" if self._content is False: # Read the contents. try: if self._content_consumed: raise RuntimeError( 'The content for this response was already consumed') if self.status_code == 0: self._content = None else: self._content = bytes().join(self.iter_content(CONTENT_CHUNK_SIZE)) or bytes() except AttributeError: self._content = None self._content_consumed = True # don't need to release the connection; that's been handled by urllib3 # since we exhausted the data. return self._content @property def text(self): """Content of the response, in unicode. If Response.encoding is None, encoding will be guessed using ``chardet``. The encoding of the response content is determined based solely on HTTP headers, following RFC 2616 to the letter. If you can take advantage of non-HTTP knowledge to make a better guess at the encoding, you should set ``r.encoding`` appropriately before accessing this property. """ # Try charset from content-type content = None encoding = self.encoding if not self.content: return str('') # Fallback to auto-detected encoding. if self.encoding is None: encoding = self.apparent_encoding # Decode unicode from given encoding. try: content = str(self.content, encoding, errors='replace') except (LookupError, TypeError): # A LookupError is raised if the encoding was not found which could # indicate a misspelling or similar mistake. # # A TypeError can be raised if encoding is None # # So we try blindly encoding. content = str(self.content, errors='replace') return content def json(self, **kwargs): """Returns the json-encoded content of a response, if any. :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``json.loads`` takes. """ if not self.encoding and len(self.content) > 3: # No encoding set. JSON RFC 4627 section 3 states we should expect # UTF-8, -16 or -32. Detect which one to use; If the detection or # decoding fails, fall back to `self.text` (using chardet to make # a best guess). encoding = guess_json_utf(self.content) if encoding is not None: try: return json.loads(self.content.decode(encoding), **kwargs) except UnicodeDecodeError: # Wrong UTF codec detected; usually because it's not UTF-8 # but some other 8-bit codec. This is an RFC violation, # and the server didn't bother to tell us what codec *was* # used. pass return json.loads(self.text, **kwargs) @property def links(self): """Returns the parsed header links of the response, if any.""" header = self.headers.get('link') # l = MultiDict() l = {} if header: links = parse_header_links(header) for link in links: key = link.get('rel') or link.get('url') l[key] = link return l def raise_for_status(self): """Raises stored :class:`HTTPError`, if one occurred.""" http_error_msg = '' if 400 <= self.status_code < 500: http_error_msg = '%s Client Error: %s' % (self.status_code, self.reason) elif 500 <= self.status_code < 600: http_error_msg = '%s Server Error: %s' % (self.status_code, self.reason) if http_error_msg: raise HTTPError(http_error_msg, response=self) def close(self): """Releases the connection back to the pool. Once this method has been called the underlying ``raw`` object must not be accessed again. *Note: Should not normally need to be called explicitly.* """ return self.raw.release_conn()